How to Get an SSN in the USA: Requirements for Immigrants

Introduction

For immigrants arriving in the United States, one of the first and most essential steps is obtaining a Social Security Number (SSN). This number is necessary for legal employment, tax reporting, and accessing financial services. Without it, many everyday activities—from opening a bank account to securing housing—can become difficult. For anyone exploring how to obtain a Social Security number (SSN) in the U.S., it is crucial to understand the requirements, eligibility criteria, and current application process.

Who Is Eligible?

Authorized to Work = Eligible

Immigrants authorized by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to work in the U.S. are generally eligible for an SSN. This includes:

• Lawful permanent residents (green card holders)
   
• Refugees and asylum recipients with work authorization
   
• Temporary workers with valid work visas, such as H-1B or L-1
   
• Other immigrants who hold Employment Authorization Documents (EADs)
   

Exceptions—Special Legal Necessity

Some noncitizens who are not authorized to work may still qualify for an SSN if a federal or state law requires it for a specific purpose, such as obtaining certain public benefits. These cases are uncommon and must be supported by official documentation.

Application Methods

Immigrants have two main pathways to apply for an SSN:

1. Through the Immigration Process (Automated Issuance)

• Enumeration at Entry (EAE): Immigrant visa applicants abroad can request their SSN during the visa process for automatic issuance. Upon arrival in the U.S., the Social Security Administration (SSA) mails the SSN card to your U.S. address.
   
• Enumeration Beyond Entry (EBE): For immigrants already in the U.S., filing forms such as I-765 (work permit), I-485 (adjustment of status), or N-400 (naturalization) with an SSN request included allows the SSA to process the number automatically.
   

2. In-Person at a Social Security Office

If an SSN was not requested during the immigration process, you will need to apply in person using Form SS-5 at a Social Security office. You must bring original documents such as:

• Passport with a valid visa
   
• Form I-94 (arrival/departure record)
   
• Employment Authorization Document (EAD), Green Card, or other DHS documents
   
• Birth certificate
   

Processing typically takes two to four weeks, although times may vary.

Recent Changes & Processing Alerts

In March 2025, the SSA suspended part of the EBE program, which means that many immigrants who would have previously received an SSN automatically must now apply in person. This has increased wait times, making it even more important to prepare documentation carefully before scheduling an appointment.

Why You Need an SSN

An SSN is crucial for:

• Employment and wage reporting
   
• Filing taxes with the IRS
   
• Opening bank accounts and building credit history
   
• Accessing loans, mortgages, and specific public benefits
   

In some cases, immigrants who are not eligible for an SSN may obtain an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN). While an ITIN allows for tax filing, it does not authorize work or provide access to Social Security benefits.

Common Pitfalls & Pro Tips

• Ensure names match exactly across all documents (passport, visa, immigration papers).
   
• Submit only valid and unexpired documents.
   
• If applying by mail, confirm document handling policies for safety.
   
• Expect longer processing times due to high demand at SSA offices.
   
• If you applied through immigration paperwork but did not receive your SSN, follow up directly with the SSA.
   

FAQs

Question	Answer Summary
Can undocumented immigrants get an SSN?	No, only immigrants with legal work authorization are eligible.
How long does it take to receive an SSN?	Typically two to three weeks through immigration processing, or two to four weeks when applying in person.
Can I apply online?	Only certain U.S. citizens and residents in select states may apply online. Most noncitizens must apply in person.

Closing Thoughts

For immigrants, obtaining an SSN is not just a bureaucratic requirement—it is a gateway to employment, financial inclusion, and participation in daily life in the U.S. By preparing documents in advance, understanding the eligibility rules, and staying informed about recent SSA changes, applicants can successfully navigate the process and avoid delays.